联盟历史上

从左至右: H. Bluhm (U. 卡尔斯鲁厄，德国)，A. 纽伯(德州理工大学.), S. 毕比(EVMS)，美国航空公司总裁. Kumamoto, R. Hackam (U. 加拿大温莎), H. Akiyama (U. 熊本),J. Thompson (U. Missouri), K.H. Schoenbach (ODU). 黑体字:创始人

生物 has emerged as a new, exciting research field. 它涉及对生物细胞和组织的强脉冲电场的使用和影响. 虽然脉冲电场对细胞的一些影响已经被发现了50多年, 重点通常是使用持续时间超过微秒的脉冲电穿孔质膜. 脉冲功率技术的进展, 涉及产生的强烈, 超短电脉冲, provided an opportunity to explore and utilize the effects of nanosecond electric pulses. The effects of such short pulses have been shown to reach into the cell interior, 开辟新的应用，并允许使用新的脉冲传输设备，如宽带天线.

创建一个联盟来促进这一新的研究领域的第一次努力起源于三个研究机构，他们以充满活力的脉冲功率研究而闻名:最靠谱的网赌软件弗兰克·雷迪生物电学研究中心的研究小组, the Pulsed Power Science team at 熊本大学, Japan, 以及卡尔斯鲁厄研究中心的脉冲功率和微波技术研究所, Germany.

Cooperation among the three groups, which were led by Karl H. Schoenbach, Hidenori秋山, 和汉斯约阿希姆·布鲁姆, respectively, on the topics of bioelectrics began in 2002, with mutual visits and joint research projects by scientists of the three institutions. In 2005, 这项合作工作已经达到了一个水平，因此需要有一项正式的研究协议，建立一个国际生物电学联合会. 签署了一份谅解备忘录，作为财团原有成员和任何新成员之间国际合作的基础.

谅解备忘录

The first three paragraphs of this MOU read:

“该协议为在生物电研究领域形成一个研究联盟(“生物”)提供了基础, 为了在新兴的生物电学领域发展广泛的参与机构之间的国际研究合作. The goals of the consortium are to: (1) Strengthen the field of bioelectrics by forming a consortium with worldwide visibility and impact; (2) Encourage the establishment of Centers of Excellence focused on bioelectrics; and (3) Provide the basis for successful grant proposals to national and international funding agencies. 联盟成员将通过远程视频会议和年度/双年度研讨会进行互动. Themes of joint activities and the conditions for their execution (e.g., provisions for utilizing the results achieved) and arrangements for specific visits, 人员或资料的交流以及其他形式的合作将由有关各方在个案基础上书面商定. 最靠谱的网赌软件 (hereafter "ODU"), Norfolk, Virginia, USA, will perform the function of "Coordinator" for the consortium, to facilitate the activities of the consortium.

The following institutions will be the initial members of the consortium:
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology, IHM) - 德国卡尔斯鲁厄;
熊本大学 (研究生院 of Science and Technology, 21世纪脉冲功率科学COE项目和细胞命运调节研究和教育单位)-熊本, Japan;
最靠谱的网赌软件 (Center for 生物) - Norfolk, Virginia, USA.

其他机构可以通过向协调员提交适当的申请，并在初始联盟成员的一致同意下加入联盟."

This Memorandum of Understanding was signed on November 11, 2005, by the President of 最靠谱的网赌软件, Roseann Runte; the Deputy Chairman of the Executive Board, 西格德Lettow, 也是执行委员会成员, Reinhard Maschuw, at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe; and finally, in a ceremony at 熊本大学 by the President of this University, Tatsuro Sakimoto.

In September 2006, another powerhouse in pulsed power technology, the 密苏里大学哥伦比亚分校, 加入财团 as a full member. 谅解备忘录 was signed by Jim Thompson, Dean of the 工程学院 at this university.

2007年10月 中国科学院低温等离子体物理研究所.5)德国格赖夫斯瓦尔德, 加入财团, 在低温等离子体用于医疗和环境应用方面为国际联盟带来了丰富的专业知识. 研究所所长克劳斯-迪特尔·韦尔特曼签署了谅解备忘录.

And in November 2008 at a teleconference of the five members, the applications of three new full members were approved. 他们是: Center for Molecular Delivery at the 南佛罗里达大学, with Richard Gilbert as director; the Laboratory of Vectorology and Gene Transfer, CNRS, Institut Gustave-Roussy and University of Paris XI, Villejuif, with Louis Mir as Director; and IPBS Universite P Sabatier/CNRS in 图卢兹,法国, with Justin Teissie as leader of the Cellular Biophysics group. 新成员带来了丰富的基础生物电科学知识和应用知识, 特别是在电疗中, 致财团.

In October 2010 two additional members 加入财团: 捷克共和国科学院等离子体物理研究所，布拉格，捷克共和国, with Petr Lukes as director; and the 实验肿瘤科, 卢布尔雅那肿瘤研究所, 卢布尔雅那(斯洛文尼亚，格雷戈尔·塞尔萨(Gregor Sersa)担任导演.布拉格研究所在利用等离子体和冲击波进行医疗和环境应用方面有着悠久的研究历史. 卢布尔雅那研究所以研究生物电学的医疗应用而闻名.

2012年熊本研讨会批准的生物电学联盟的最新成员是 放射源实验室, ENEA(意大利国家新技术、能源和可持续经济发展机构), Frascati、意大利, with Gian Pierro Gallerano as director. 该中心在电磁辐射方面的专长有望将生物电的研究扩展到高频领域, 超短脉冲持续时间范围.

促进研究合作, videoconferences between the consortium members, and workshops (now symposia) on bioelectrics were held. The first Workshop on 生物, with Karl H. 舍恩巴赫担任主席, was held in Norfolk (Frank Reidy Research Center for 生物) in March of 2005, 最靠谱的网赌软件生物电学中心和熊本大学的研究小组成员参加了这项研究. The second and third 国际 Workshops on 生物, with Hidenori秋山 and Sunao Katsuki as chairs, 是在熊本举行的, Japan, 2005年11月, 及2007年2月, respectively, with representatives of all the members of the consortium and invited guests. The fourth Workshop on 生物 was held in Karlsruhe, as part of the IEEE 国际 Conference on Plasma Science in June of 2008, 第五次生物电讲习班/专题讨论会在密苏里大学举行, Columbia, in June 2009. In June 2010 the 生物 Conference was again held in Norfolk, VA, at the Frank Reidy Research Center for 生物, 会议是在哪里成立的. 理查德·海勒, the director of the center, chaired this conference. In 2011, the symposium was held for the first time in Europe, in 图卢兹,法国, 由贾斯汀·泰西主持. 第二年, 2012年9月, the Symposium was held again in Kumamoto, 由秋山Hidenori担任主席. 2013年国际生物电子学研讨会将由卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院主办，沃尔夫冈·弗雷担任主席.

不仅名称发生了变化——从生物电子学研讨会到国际生物电子学研讨会——参与者的数量也发生了变化. 然而只有一小部分人, 不到20名科学家和工程师, 2005年参加第一次研讨会, the number of participants has dramatically increased. More than 150 participants attended the 2012 生物 Symposium in Kumamoto. 另一个表明人们对这一新的研究领域越来越感兴趣的迹象是，2009年《最靠谱的网赌软件》上成功发表了一期关于生物电学的特刊, 沃尔夫冈·弗雷, 理查德·海勒, and Karl H. Schoenbach为客座编辑. The special issue with 20 publications on bioelectrics, was, as expected from publications in an IEEE Journal, focused on the physics and engineering side of this research. A special issue of the Journal of Bioelectrochemistry, 计划2014年, will likely be a stronger forum for the biologist in this interdisciplinary research. Guest editor for this upcoming special issue are Richard Gilbert, 沃尔夫冈•弗雷, 和秋山秀德.